@Sandra the fish rookie, at least your heater failed the "right" way! I'll try to answer your questions below.
I really don't think you are in major danger of illness. I would imagine the water temp decreased slowly and naturally, so no real risk of temp shock for the fish. If you kept them in suboptimal temps for a long time, they may get stressed, but given how quickly you found the issue I'd say you're ok. Side note, you may want to think about changing the temp to 75-77 degrees, cories typically like the more moderate tropical temps. If kept too high, metabolisms speed up and shorter lifespans can result.
I run a single 300W in my 40 gal, so I would assume two 150W would work for you. There's no real hard, fast number, it kind of depends on what temperature your house is.
I bought (but don't use yet) an Inkbird Temperature Controller. It has two outlets, so it should run the heaters simultaneously. You should be able to see if one is working or not, and if it breaks the "wrong way" (always on) the controller will keep it from cooking your fish. Seems easy enough to install, I'm just trying to figure out where to route my cables.
I'm sure you'll get some more (and maybe better!) advice, but that's just my $0.02.